Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: High prevalence of CNS-directed autoantibodies in patients with schizophrenia

doi: 10.64898/2026.05.04.722731

Figure Lengend Snippet: A. Receiver Operator Classification (ROC) curve of the REAP-Lasso model for patient vs. control discrimination (AUC = 0.884). B. The number of common autoantibody (AAb) reactivities per individual by group (control, n=971; schizophrenia, n = 352). Common reactivities defined as present in >1% of the control cohort. Significance was assessed using unpaired two-sided Wilcoxon test. For the box plots, the central lines indicate the group median values, the top and bottom lines indicate the 75th and 25th percentiles, respectively, the whiskers represent 1.5× the interquartile range. C. The number of low-frequency autoantibody (AAb) reactivities per individual by group (control, n=971; schizophrenia, n = 352). Low-frequency reactivities defined as present in <= 1% of the control cohort. Significance was assessed using unpaired two-sided Wilcoxon test. For the box plots, the central lines indicate the group median values, the top and bottom lines indicate the 75th and 25th percentiles, respectively, the whiskers represent 1.5× the interquartile range. Low-freq = Low-frequency D. The number of autoantibody (AAb) reactivities against each tissue category per individual by group (control, n = 971; schizophrenia = 352). Tissue categories are composed of REAP reactivities bucketed by human protein atlas mRNA expression data. Significance was assessed by unpaired two-sided Wilcoxon with correction for multiple hypotheses by Benjamini-Hochberg. *** ∼ <0.001, ** ∼ <0.01, * ∼ <0.05. E, F. Forest plots depicting the top tissues (E) or single cell types (F) (y-axis) ranked by their estimated contribution to the overall schizophrenia vs. control increase in total autoantibodies (AAbs), with the x-axis reporting percentage of overall schizophrenia increase explained. Tissue or single cell categories are composed of REAP reactivities bucketed by human protein atlas mRNA expression data. Because a given protein may belong to more than one tissue class, percentages need not sum to 100. Closed circles (●) represent the observed percent contribution. Open circles (○) indicate the expected contribution under a REAP-library baseline. Horizontal whiskers denote 95% confidence intervals from a cohort-/group-stratified bootstrap that resamples subjects within schizophrenia and control groups (R = 4000 replicates).

Article Snippet: To assess whether specific tissues or cell types are preferentially targeted in schizophrenia, we annotated REAP antigens by tissue and cell-type expression using Human Protein Atlas (HPA) mRNA data.

Techniques: Control, Expressing, Single Cell

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: High prevalence of CNS-directed autoantibodies in patients with schizophrenia

doi: 10.64898/2026.05.04.722731

Figure Lengend Snippet: A. The number of autoantibody (AAb) reactivities against each tissue category per individual by group (control, n = 971; schizophrenia = 352). Single cell categories are composed of REAP reactivities bucketed by human protein atlas mRNA expression data. Significance was assessed by unpaired two-sided Wilcoxon with correction for multiple hypotheses by Benjamini-Hochberg. *** ∼ <0.001, ** ∼ <0.01, * ∼ <0.05.

Article Snippet: To assess whether specific tissues or cell types are preferentially targeted in schizophrenia, we annotated REAP antigens by tissue and cell-type expression using Human Protein Atlas (HPA) mRNA data.

Techniques: Control, Single Cell, Expressing

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: High prevalence of CNS-directed autoantibodies in patients with schizophrenia

doi: 10.64898/2026.05.04.722731

Figure Lengend Snippet: A. Conceptual figure for depiction of autoantibody odds ratio for schizophrenia status. B. Volcano plot depicting all autoantibody reactivities detected. Reactivities that are significantly enriched in schizophrenia (q-value <0.05, odds ratio (OR) >2.72) and target proteins with elevated expression in the brain and inhibitory and excitatory neurons by human protein atlas mRNA expression are bolded and colored. Color indicates functional annotation. Each dot represents one autoantibody reactivity. Vertical dashed lines indicate OR threshold +/-2.72. Horizontal dashed line indicates q-value threshold of 0.05. C. Conceptual figure for depiction of autoantibody odds ratio for schizophrenia status and AAb frequency in schizophrenia. D,E,F. Frequency plot depicting all autoantibody reactivities detected, with proteins belonging to the ion channel and Ca+2 excitability group (D) , synaptic function and synaptic plasticity groups (E) , and neuromodulatory GPCR (F) from figure B bolded and colored. Horizontal dashed lines indicate OR threshold of +/-2.72. Each dot represents one reactivity. G. Volcano plot depicting all anti-pathogen reactivities detected. Reactivities that are significantly enriched in schizophrenia (q-value <0.05, odds ratio (OR) >2.72) are bolded and colored. Color indicates pathogen class annotation. Each dot represents one reactivity. Vertical dashed lines indicate OR threshold +/-2.72. Horizontal dashed line indicates q-value threshold of 0.05

Article Snippet: To assess whether specific tissues or cell types are preferentially targeted in schizophrenia, we annotated REAP antigens by tissue and cell-type expression using Human Protein Atlas (HPA) mRNA data.

Techniques: Expressing, Functional Assay

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: High prevalence of CNS-directed autoantibodies in patients with schizophrenia

doi: 10.64898/2026.05.04.722731

Figure Lengend Snippet: A. Volcano plot depicting all autoantibody reactivities detected, with reactivities that are significantly enriched in schizophrenia (q-value <0.05, odds ratio (OR) >2.71) and target proteins elevated in brain pericytes, endothelial cells, astrocytes, vascular associated smooth muscle, or choroid plexus epithelial cells (by HPA mRNA expression data) bolded and colored. Each dot represents one autoantibody reactivity. Vertical dashed lines indicate OR threshold +/-2.71. Horizontal dashed line indicates q-value threshold of 0.05. B. Graphic representation of the MIMETAS chip used for the 3D human BBB model with flow. C. Diagram illustrating the creation of the 3D human BBB model and experimental scheme for the tracer permeability assay. D. Graphic representation of the experimental scheme for the TEER measurement with the OrganoTEER instrument. E. Graph of the TEER measurements over time in the 3D human BBB model under three conditions. Each dot represents one measurement. ** p<0.01, **** p<0.001. F. Representative images of tracer leakage from the blood (left) into the brain (right) compartment of the 3D BBB model. Biocytin is in green and Dextran is in red. There is increased tracer in the brain compartment with the BBB positive sera from Schizophrenia patients. G,H. Plots of the normalized signal of biocytin (G) and 70 KDa Dextran (H) permeability measurements at 30 minutes after tracer application. Significance was assessed using one way ANOVA (p=3.2E-9, 2.6E-12) followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. For the box plots, the central lines indicate the group median values, the top and bottom lines indicate the 75th and 25th percentiles, respectively, the whiskers represent 1.5× the interquartile range. BBB = Blood brain barrier. I. Number of autoantibodies (AAb) per individual (ID) targeting proteins with elevated expression in the brain by human protein atlas mRNA expression data. N=328 for BBB-, 24 for BBB+. Significance was assessed using unpaired Wilcoxon. For the box plots, the central lines indicate the group median values, the top and bottom lines indicate the 75th and 25th percentiles, respectively, the whiskers represent 1.5× the interquartile range. BBB = Blood-brain barrier.

Article Snippet: To assess whether specific tissues or cell types are preferentially targeted in schizophrenia, we annotated REAP antigens by tissue and cell-type expression using Human Protein Atlas (HPA) mRNA data.

Techniques: Expressing, Permeability

Journal: Gastro Hep Advances

Article Title: Beta-Klotho Protein Expression in Healthy Human Tissues and Liver Biopsies From Patients With MASLD or MASH

doi: 10.1016/j.gastha.2025.100745

Figure Lengend Snippet: Validation of AB4 for IHC using human spleen (KLB-negative) and liver tissue (KLB-positive). KLB protein expression in (A) human spleen tissue with (B) negative control and (C) human liver tissue with (D) negative control. Scale bars represent 200 μm.

Article Snippet: Although KLB protein expression data are available in the Human Protein Atlas database [dataset] , the employed antibody has been scored as uncertain for immunoblotting and IHC.

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery, Expressing, Negative Control

Journal: Gastro Hep Advances

Article Title: Beta-Klotho Protein Expression in Healthy Human Tissues and Liver Biopsies From Patients With MASLD or MASH

doi: 10.1016/j.gastha.2025.100745

Figure Lengend Snippet: KLB protein expression levels using AB4 and CK19 in human and monkey tissues. KLB protein expression levels in (A) human liver (200 μm) with (B) negative control (200 μm), (C) human bile ducts in liver (80 μm) with (D) CK19 staining as positive control (80 μm), (E) monkey liver (90 μm) with (F) negative control (90 μm), (G) human gallbladder (200 μm) with (H) negative control (200 μm) and (I) CK19 staining as positive control (300 μm).

Article Snippet: Although KLB protein expression data are available in the Human Protein Atlas database [dataset] , the employed antibody has been scored as uncertain for immunoblotting and IHC.

Techniques: Expressing, Negative Control, Staining, Positive Control

Journal: Gastro Hep Advances

Article Title: Beta-Klotho Protein Expression in Healthy Human Tissues and Liver Biopsies From Patients With MASLD or MASH

doi: 10.1016/j.gastha.2025.100745

Figure Lengend Snippet: KLB protein expression levels using AB4 along the human gastrointestinal tract. KLB protein expression levels in (A) human stomach (200 μm) with (B) negative control (200 μm), and (C) human colon tissue (90 μm) with (D) negative control (90 μm).

Article Snippet: Although KLB protein expression data are available in the Human Protein Atlas database [dataset] , the employed antibody has been scored as uncertain for immunoblotting and IHC.

Techniques: Expressing, Negative Control

Journal: Gastro Hep Advances

Article Title: Beta-Klotho Protein Expression in Healthy Human Tissues and Liver Biopsies From Patients With MASLD or MASH

doi: 10.1016/j.gastha.2025.100745

Figure Lengend Snippet: KLB protein expression levels using AB4 in human adipose tissue and pancreas. KLB protein expression levels in (A) human adipose tissue with (B) negative control, and (C) human pancreas with (D) negative control and (E) insulin staining as positive control to visualize the islets of Langerhans. Scale bars represent 200 μm.

Article Snippet: Although KLB protein expression data are available in the Human Protein Atlas database [dataset] , the employed antibody has been scored as uncertain for immunoblotting and IHC.

Techniques: Expressing, Negative Control, Staining, Positive Control

Journal: Gastro Hep Advances

Article Title: Beta-Klotho Protein Expression in Healthy Human Tissues and Liver Biopsies From Patients With MASLD or MASH

doi: 10.1016/j.gastha.2025.100745

Figure Lengend Snippet: Quantified KLB protein levels using AB4 in liver biopsies of patients with varying stages of MASLD (n = 28). (A) Overview of patient liver biopsies with MASLD stained with AB4, separated into different fibrosis grades. (B and C) Association of KLB protein expression levels with typical MASLD characteristics, specifically (B) lobular inflammation (Kruskal–Wallis, P = .0168), (C) portal inflammation (Kruskal–Wallis, P = .0809), (D) fibrosis grade (Kruskal–Wallis, P = .6602), (E) steatosis grade (Kruskal–Wallis, P = .7834), and (F) ballooning (Kruskal–Wallis, P = .1097).

Article Snippet: Although KLB protein expression data are available in the Human Protein Atlas database [dataset] , the employed antibody has been scored as uncertain for immunoblotting and IHC.

Techniques: Staining, Expressing